New DEFRA data shows that, unlike other major UK cities, London met air quality standards for the first time in 2024.

This means that almost 10 million people are now breathing cleaner air, fewer children are growing up with stunted lungs and fewer people will have to suffer from asthma, dementia and heart disease, which means big savings for the NHS.

But whats is being done in the rest of the UK? Here’s a fairly up–to-date picture of air pollution initiatives in the UK: what’s been done recently, what is being planned, what goals are in place, and some of the challenges/status.

Key Government Strategies & Legal Targets

1. Air Quality Strategy: Framework for Local Authority Delivery (England, 2023)

   • Published by Defra in April 2023; updated in August.

   • Sets out what local authorities are expected to do to improve air quality in their areas, especially for PM₂.₅ (fine particulate matter).

   • Legally binding UK-wide targets include:
     • An annual mean PM₂.₅ concentration of 10 µg/m³ by 2040, with an interim target of 12 µg/m³ by January 2028. 
     • A 35% reduction in average population exposure to PM₂.₅ by 2040, with a 22% reduction by January 2028, based on 2018 baseline.

2. National Air Pollution Control Programme (NAPCP)

   • The UK has committed (under the Environment Act and pre-existing legal obligations) to reduce emissions of key pollutants including nitrogen oxides, sulphur dioxide, ammonia, and particulates. These are tied into domestic and international commitments. Local authorities are expected to use existing powers to help deliver on them.

3. Clean Air Strategy & Clean Air Goals Based on WHO Guidelines

   • The UK government has made progress on aligning some goals with WHO guidelines. For example, it has committed to halve by 2025 the number of people living in areas that breach WHO guidelines on particulate matter.

   • The Clean Air Strategy remains the overarching framework for emissions from transport, industry, homes etc.

Local / Regional Measures & Examples

1. London

   • Expanded Ultra Low Emission Zone (ULEZ) in 2023 to all London boroughs. Studies show substantial drop in NO₂ and particulate pollution since expansion.

   • Roll-out of air quality alerts: London has a system for forecasting pollution episodes; since 2018 there have been “high” and “moderate” alerts issued, and newest work includes notifying healthcare professionals directly.

   • Breathe London: network of hyper-local sensors (~400) to better monitor air pollution.

2. Clean Air Zones (CAZ / Low-Emission Zones, Zero Emission Zones)

   • Oxford has the UK’s first zero emission zone (ZEZ) in its city centre, launched February 2022, and is increasing its charges.

   • Bradford’s Clean Air Zone (implemented Sept 2022) shows benefits: for e.g., savings to the NHS, reductions in pollution.

   • Other areas like York have local Air Quality Action Plans (AQAPs) involving measures like electric buses, increased charging infrastructure etc.

3. Local Authority Support & Funding

   • The government has allocated funding (Air Quality Grant) to local authorities to deliver projects to improve air quality in their areas: schools, businesses, communities.

   • As of March 2025, there was a review (AQIS review) aimed at improving public awareness, making air quality more part of everyday conversation, improving information to at-risk groups.

   • In the West Midlands, a £1 million regional plan was launched covering things like real-time sensors, awareness campaigns, research into speed-limit reduction etc.

4. Non-transport Sources & Broader Measures

   • Recognizing that transport isn’t the only source: homes (heating, boilers), industry, construction, shipping etc are also addressed. For example, London studies have shown that gas boilers are now a major source of NOₓ in central areas.

   • Port of London Authority (PLA) has an updated 2024 strategy, including tracking shipping emissions (using a Maritime Emissions Portal), working with vessel operators, exploring shore-side emissions, targeting hotspots.

Public Awareness & Regulatory Tools

• The AQIS (Air Quality Information System) review published in March 2025 recommends better communication to the public: clearer explanation of health risks, better engagement with at-risk groups, schools, health sector.

• Local Authorities are required to report via LAQM (Local Air Quality Management) portals etc. The Emissions Factors Toolkit has been updated.

Progress & Outcomes

• Improvements seen in London since ULEZ expansion: NO₂ down substantially; particulate improvements.

• Bradford clean air zone shows both pollution and health care cost benefits.

• Many local authorities are developing or updating Air Quality Action Plans (e.g. York, Oxford etc).

Challenges & Gaps

• Some delays and criticisms: for example, whether funding is sufficient and consistent. There are calls (from NGOs / coalitions) for a sharper, more enforceable Clean Air Act.

• Achieving the stricter WHO guideline levels is hard, especially for PM₂.₅, which arises from many diffuse sources (some outside local authority control)

• Non-transport sources like domestic heating / boilers, shipping, and industrial emissions are becoming proportionally more important as vehicle emissions fall – these present policy and technical challenges

• Awareness still low in many places; some at-risk groups are still not well served by alerts / information. Communicating risk, and embedding air quality into planning / building / public health is a work in progress.

My recent experience with applying for VISAs at London based embassies, made we realised how many are privatised, appearing to be a global trend.  These privatised visa application centres have indeed expanded global access and added optional fast/comfort services — but they have also introduced new service fees and greater variability in speed and quality. Overall costs to travellers have risen in many places; processing times are mixed (sometimes faster for routine cases, often slower or unpredictable for complex cases or during provider transitions).

Country snapshots

India

• Many foreign missions accept regular paper or VAC submissions through private operators (VFS, TLS, BLS etc.). The Indian government also uses VFS for handling some outbound visa/consular intake. Public notices show fixed service fees charged by the private operator on top of government visa fees (e.g. VFS service fees, or country-specific service charges).

• Example of rising service charges: recent media reports show VFS and others periodically increasing service charges for Schengen/European applications from India (making the overall trip costlier). Applicants also pay extra for courier, SMS, premium lounges, assisted scanning.

• Effect: applicants face higher out-of-pocket costs (govt fee + VAC service fee + optional extras). Speed: routine visa pickups / interview-waiver flows can be quick, but US and some other destinations still report backlogs and long waits in some Indian posts. 

China (applying to/from / applications handled in China)

• Many consulates (EU states, UK, etc.) use TLScontact / VFS in China and publish a mandatory service fee charged by the VAC (examples: TLS pages showing service fee amounts in CNY). Processing times published by Chinese consulates (or the Visa for China service) often show regular, express and rush services with defined day counts (e.g. 4 working days regular, 2–3 days express ).

• Impact: applicants in China commonly pay the consular visa fee + the VAC service fee (often mandatory) + optional extras. Where express/rush service is available it speeds up simple cases, but VACs occasionally report technical or transition delays which push processing out. 

Schengen area (representative: many EU countries outsource to TLS/VFS/BLS)

• Many Schengen consulates outsource front-end tasks to private VACs. VACs collect a service fee (set in agreement with the consulate) and sell optional add-ons (courier, SMS, lounge). Recent reportage shows VFS raising its service charges for Schengen applications in some markets, increasing the total cost for applicants. 

• Effect on timings: for routine short-stay applications, front-end outsourcing plus digital booking often reduces local queuing and can improve consistency — but back-end consular decision times and policy/seasonal backlogs still dominate final wait times. Transitions between providers sometimes cause appointment shortages. 

United States (how outsourcing of VACs interacts with US visa processing overseas)

• The US State Department uses VACs (contractors) abroad for appointment scheduling, document drop-off and biometrics; the consulate/embassy still conducts interviews and decisions. State publishes wait times by post; those can swing widely by post and over time. Applicants pay the consular fee (MRV) and may pay for courier/VAC services in some posts. 

• Effect: costs to applicants increased where VACs charge for service/courier; processing times depend on embassy appointment availability and local backlog (not only the VAC). Recent operational changes (e.g. restricting in-country appointments or provider changes) can lengthen waits and increase travel costs for applicants.

Evidence on costs rising after privatisation

• UK example (well-reported): investigations found the Home Office’s average revenue per overseas visa application rose sharply after outsourcing to VFS — reported figures show an increase from about £28.73 → £122.56 average per application over several years (largely driven by promoted add-on services and changes in fee structures). This is widely cited as evidence that outsourcing created new revenue/fee pathways.

• Direct VAC service fees are common and documented in many countries (e.g. TLS/VFS pages listing mandatory service fees in China, India notices requiring service fees). Media pieces and VAC notices show explicit increases in service charges in some markets (e.g. VFS hikes for Schengen applicants from India). Together these add materially to the total cost for travellers.

Evidence on processing times (short answer)

• Mixed. Digitisation + VAC networks improved front-end convenience (online booking, document drop, biometrics), which can speed some routine cases. But back-end decision times (security checks, complex eligibility assessments) and supply constraints (appointment availability, provider transitions) often keep or increase total wait times for many applicants. Published wait-time pages (e.g. U.S. State Dept, local consulates) reflect that variability. 

Privatisation/outsourcing of visa front-end services has delivered better geographic coverage, more online conveniences and optional rapid services — but it has also introduced new mandatory and optional fees, more upselling, and variability in service quality. Empirically, costs to applicants have increased in many places after outsourcing (UK is a clear documented example; similar fee structures and increases are evident for VACs in India, China and Schengen posts). Processing times improved for some routine cases but remain unpredictable for many applicants.

On my travels to global cities around the world, would you believe it, l often look out for their transit authorities efforts to decarbonise transport in their cities. Below you will find how l rank them in their efforts and achievements; 

1) Shenzhen Bus Group (Shenzhen, China) — Score: 9.5 / 10

Its the first city to fully electrify its entire bus fleet, thats 16,000 bus fleet, all completed by end-2017 — with large charging infrastructure rollout and clear operational lessons in scale. This is a textbook case of rapid fleet electrification at scale.

2) Stockholm SL (Stockholm, Sweden / SL region) — Score: 9.0 / 10

Public transport running on 100% renewable electricity since 2017 covering all its trains & trams, has strong city net-zero planning and pilots (electric ferries, zero-emission zones) as well. Excellent combination of electrified modes + renewable supply.

3) RATP / Île-de-France (Paris region, France) — Score: 8.8 / 10

Has very ambitious bus programme (Bus2025) delivering thousands of “clean” buses — a sizeable share electric + bio-methane — plus depot modernisations to host EVs and renewable fuels at scale. Strong near-term reductions and local air-quality wins.

4) MTR (Hong Kong) — Score: 8.5 / 10

With SBTi-level corporate credibility validating its targets for parts of its business, strong energy efficiency and renewable sourcing in property + rail (rail is inherently electric) Thus it has a good whole-system corporate approach.

5) TfL (London) — Score: 8.2 / 10

With SBTi validation (Apr 2025) + aggressive bus electrification of  between 1,900 to 2,000 zero emissions buses as of 2024–25. Plus an active PPAs  with solar deals and a 2030 renewable electricity target. Big consumer scale creates challenges, but ambition and verified targets put TfL among leaders.

6) LTA / Singapore (national procurement & operators) — Score: 8.0 / 10

It has centralised planning and targets of 50% e-buses by 2030 and 100% cleaner energy buses by 2040, major procurement waves, depot power planning and national coordination — a model for aligning grid  and vehicles.

7) Seoul Metropolitan (Seoul, South Korea) — Score: 7.8 / 10

Has a rapid adoption of hydrogen & electric buses with big national subsidies and plans (large tenders for hydrogen buses), strong municipal leadership and financing support. Rapid rollouts but technology mix varies.

8) BVG (Berlin, Germany) — Score: 7.4 / 10

Its subways & trams running on green electricity since mid-2010s and active bus electrification plans (substantial e-bus purchases + new e-depots planned). Solid European model with a strong grid/renewables focus.

9) Tokyo Metro / Japan operators — Score: 7.0 / 10

Its rail systems are already electric (low direct CO₂ per pax), Tokyo operators emphasise energy efficiency and renewable procurement; grid and policy context make further cuts possible though national timelines are longer.

10) MTA (New York, USA) — Score: 6.6 / 10

It has huge system-scale opportunities (many electric rail fleets) but bus electrification and depot/grid upgrades are slower due to funding & logistical scale; robust plans exist but delivery lags behind top performers.

My quick, evidence-backed takeaways are as follows;

• Mass electrification leaders are mostly in Asia and Northern Europe. Shenzhen’s full bus electrification (2017) remains the single most advanced practical deployment case. 

• Renewable electricity sourcing + verified targets matter. Stockholm’s 100% renewable electricity for public transport (and TfL’s SBTi validation) are powerful accelerants because electrified services only deliver low-carbon outcomes if the electricity is clean. 

• Central coordination speeds delivery. Singapore’s model (LTA) — national tenders, depot power planning and integrated procurement — reduces the “buses arrive before chargers” problem many fragmented procurement models face. a.gov.sg

• Hybrid pathways can be pragmatic. Paris used electric + renewable gas (bio-methane) to deliver rapid local emissions and air-quality benefits before 100% battery rollouts were practical. That reduced near-term emissions while building EV infrastructure.

If you want to find out move of how l scored these transit authorities and my sources which do get in touch. We will have much to discuss, no doubt. 

Let us be clear from the outset, driving a Tesla does not mean someone supports fascism.
But when scholars and critics talk about “links” between Tesla and fascism, they’re usually referring to cultural patterns, leadership style, labor relations, and political signalling — not the vehicles themselves.

Firstly the cult of personality is a feature. Fascism historically thrives on charismatic leaders, with strong emphasis on individual authority. Elon Musk has cultivated a persona as a visionary, genius innovator — many Tesla fans treat him almost like a political leader rather than just a CEO. Critics argue that this cult of personality around Musk can echo dynamics seen in fascist movements (though obviously not identical).

Then we have the techno-utopianism and authoritarianism as Tesla promotes a future centred on high-tech solutions  ie self-driving cars, Mars colonisation, AI. Some scholars argue that certain strands of fascism embraced a similar “futurist” worship of technology, speed, and industry, often tied to authoritarian control. The idea that society’s problems can be solved by a visionary elite with advanced technology, rather than democratic debate, resonates with critiques of technocratic authoritarianism holds strong as well. 

As for labour and control, fascist regimes historically suppressed labor unions and promoted top-down corporate control. Tesla has been repeatedly criticised for union-busting, punishing whistleblowers, and maintaining highly controlled workplaces. These practices aren’t unique to Tesla, but they fit into a broader critique of corporate authoritarian tendencies.

As for nationalism and identity, Tesla markets itself as a symbol of American ingenuity and dominance in EVs, which can resonate with nationalist narratives. While Tesla cars are global, some fans treat them as status symbols of Western/US technological superiority. Fascism often elevates technological power as a marker of national greatness.

Then we have online culture and political alignment. Here Musk’s recent political leanings and online behaviour (especially on X/Twitter) have aligned more with far-right figures and movements, some of which flirt with or openly embrace fascist rhetoric as we have seen on matters in the UK. This has bled into Tesla’s image: some critics view the company and its fanbase as increasingly tied to reactionary or authoritarian politics.

And finally it has  aesthetic parallels. Fascism historically used sleek, modern design and celebrated cars/aviation as symbols of progress and power (think of Italy’s Futurism movement). Tesla’s minimalist, futuristic aesthetic taps into similar cultural motifs of speed, control, and technological destiny.

All these arguments, frankly should make us all very weary of buying into Tesla. 

What on earth was Valentina Gomez going on about at the right-wing rally on Saturday along Whitehall? It is bad enough that we had to tolerate such a march going through Central London but for her to come up with all this islamophobia was incredible. Why is she even getting a stage at all here?

Seriously someone also needs to tell her Jesus Christ (known as Isa) is mentioned 78 times alone in the Koran and Moses ( known as Musa) over 100 times. Jesus Christ is considered one of God’s greatest messengers to humankind and the Messiah as well. Clearly she does not known that Islam is an Abrahamic faith and the belief in one god,  so closely related to Judaism and Christianity. Clearly the state of religious education is awful in the US and probably the UK, if people don’t understand this at all. 

With nine Met police suspended amid inquiry into claims of excessive force at Charing Cross Police Station, one wonders if it worthwhile for local residents of City of Westminster to go to front desk there as we are instructed from the ones that are being closed. 

Chiltern Railways, proudly announced new trains will be running into Marylebone, will run on Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO) fuel, a renewable fuel that reduces carbon emissions and cuts pollutants such as nitrous oxide compared to conventional diesel – part of  the efforts to decarbonise Chiltern Railways but critically not electric. 

All (Class 68) locomotives in the new fleet will be fitted with automatic stop-start technology, reducing engine use while stationary, especially at terminus stations like Marylebone. For more info on the environmental pledges of Chiltern Railways, please check the link above. 

• All (Class 68) locomotives in the new fleet will be fitted with automatic stop-start technology, reducing engine use while stationary, especially at terminus stations like Marylebone.
• Introduce noise and vibration modifications to the (Class 68) locomotives engines to further reduce the impact on line side communities.
• and drivers will be be trained to minimise unnecessary idling and engine vibrations during layovers.

They have also committed to continue to engage with residents, local authorities, and stakeholders at stations like Marylebone, Aylesbury, and Birmingham to listen to concerns and provide regular updates on how these improvements will make a real difference. 

So this should mean at least some improvements in the noise and pollution issues for the residents of Blandford Square Estate along the side platform 5 & 6 in Marylebone Railway Station.